Thermometer

by Courtney Adamen
(Auburn Maine)

A part of our heritage

A part of our heritage

Have a look at this old photograph.

Approximately five years before he passed away, this famous scientist created this artwork.

Barry's Response - They're not makin' them like that anymore.

Why do we care about the history of thermometers anyway?

The first thing it does is give you a history of how scientific tools and techniques have developed over time. Modern science and technology were shaped by many innovations and incremental improvements in the past and the invention and refinement of the thermometer exemplifies that well.

Second, knowing the history of thermometers helps us appreciate how temperature measurement has changed our lives. Many aspects of modern life depend on temperature measurement, from regulating the temperature in our homes to monitoring the weather.

The history of thermometers can provide insight into the cultural and social contexts in which these instruments were developed and used. As an example, early thermometers were often used in medical settings, so understanding their history can help us understand how medicine has evolved as well.

Anders Celsius

He was an astronomer in Sweden who lived from 1701 to 1744. He became well-known for starting the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, and even more so for coming up with the Celsius temperature scale, which is shown on the thermometer above.


Temperature scales have normally been defined by picking two points of interest, comparing their temperatures and sub-dividing it go get the scale. Any two will do. Body temperature or anything else that is consistent. That may have been a little more difficult to find.

It's better to have two temperatures that are further apart for defining the scale, rather than too similar. The idea of using the boiling and freezing points of water may seem a little obvious now but that probably wasn't always the case. They are not perfectly consistent, but the the greatest contribution from Celsius himself was finding a way to make them usable.

Using his knowledge of gases and mercury, Celsius developed a more accurate thermometer than those in use at the time. Celsius' thermometer works on the idea that a liquid's volume changes with temperature. He used mercury because it expands and contracts more predictably than other liquids.

Actually, the scale he invented wan inverted and had zero for boiling and 100 for freezing (for water). Celsius also noted that while he could determine the variations in the boiling point of water, dependent on ambient pressure, the freezing point did not vary significantly at all.

Meanwhile another scientist, Jean-Pierre Christin, came up with zero for freezing and 100 for boiling and had a matching thermometer designed. After that, Celsius also calibrated his thermometer by marking the freezing point at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees and that has remained the scale's form


As a result, Celsius' temperature scale was adopted as the scientific community's official temperature scale. The Celsius scale is widely used around the world, especially in science and meteorology.

More details can be found on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius

Thank you for this inspiration, Courtney.

This was a lively mix of questions, coughs, compliments, and conspiracy theories, so

Let's Recalibrate

Thermometers don't tweet, vote, or tweet, they just report. Treating them like prophets instead of tools makes us react instead of think.

People just see a number and move on. But What's the deal with that number? A thermometer needs a place to sit. In the sun, it spikes, in the shade, it drops. If it's surrounded by concrete, it'll cook. If you put it on grass, it chills. We see Small moves lead to big swings.

The temperature changes as clouds pass, oceans breathe, volcanoes sneeze, or sunspots fade. There's no such thing as a solo game when it comes to climate. There's CO2, but there's also wind, water, dirt, ice, trees, cows, fire, soot, and the giant fireball above. There's no single dial for Earth.

There weren't always thermometers. Our ancestors got signals from the wind, the smell, the tree buds, the fish patterns. There wasn't an app or alert. They used wind, smell, tree buds, fish patterns, observed, argued, and remembered. They planted food, caught storms, and survived winter. How did things change?

Then we turned to headlines and models. Seasons were no longer as important as projections. The field was replaced with a screen. Someone in New York panics if Winnipeg gets warm.

Droughts don't go away with panic. Shaming doesn't do any good. Blame doesn't clean the air. You have to act. You ask questions. It's all about curiosity. But Fear stalls things.

Here's a better question:



- When the Earth gets hot, is it always disaster?
- Why did it cool again?
- Temperatures wobble, CO2 is up, what else?
- Why do rural weather stations disappear, but airport weather stations grow?
- What's the deal with one year of heat getting more airtime than 10,000 years?

You don't need a PhD to understand patterns. You can find it here:

- Satellite data and street-level sensors.
- Over time, the jet stream shifts.
- Keep track of solar cycles and El Niño.
- Start graphs in 1850 like nothing happened before.

Now people can read the sky again. Take advantage of your...

Smarts and instincts.

If you care about weather, land, food, or the future, stay tuned. Keep it real, readable, and sometimes ridiculous. Ask: "Where's the thermometer?" when someone says, "It's hotter than ever."

I model air for a living. It's air, not opinions. Time, flow, heat, and turbulence. When a new factory applies, I predict emissions, not votes. Wind doesn't care about politics, so let's be honest.

Please feel free to comment on this topic below.

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Comments for Thermometer

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rare one
by: mia

Anders Celsius thermometer, the rare one of the great thermometers. I really love to see this in real. Because I have searched a lot for this thermometer but never, found one.

From Barry - I'm sure Anders Celsius' original thermometer is somewhere in a Swedish basement, wrapped in a scarf, between Newton's original weather app and the last working payphone.

You've got great taste. We got clarity in Celsius, not just a scale. It's clean, sensible, and satisfying to boil at zero and freeze at zero. Fahrenheit feels like it was invented for bar bets.

Other than that, he wasn't just thinking about comfort. He wanted precision. With his
temperature scale,
we can see how air moves. If it's warm, it expands and rises, and if it's cool, it sinks. Temperature gradients cause convection, clouds, wind shifts, and storms. More than a thermometer, we got a map.

You won't see his original thermometer on eBay anytime soon. But we see its legacy in every forecast, every weather station, every "it's too hot for socks" morning. 🌡️

Don't give up, Mia. What if you find one? Put it in a Stephenson Screen. All should have shelter, even the rare ones.😉

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Thank you to my research and writing assistants, ChatGPT and WordTune, as well as Wombo and others for the images.

GPT-4, OpenAI's large-scale language generation model (and others provided by Google and Meta), helped generate this text.  As soon as draft language is generated, the author reviews, edits, and revises it to their own liking and is responsible for the content.